A Risk-Centric Model of Demand Recessions and Speculation* (2024)

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Volume 135 Issue 3 August 2020
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Ricardo J Caballero

Massachusetts Institute of Technology and National Bureau of Economic Research

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Alp Simsek

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, National Bureau of Economic Research, and Centre for Economic Policy Research

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The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 135, Issue 3, August 2020, Pages 1493–1566, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa008

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13 March 2020

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    Ricardo J Caballero, Alp Simsek, A Risk-Centric Model of Demand Recessions and Speculation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 135, Issue 3, August 2020, Pages 1493–1566, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa008

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Abstract

We provide a continuous-time “risk-centric” representation of the New Keynesian model, which we use to analyze the interactions between asset prices, financial speculation, and macroeconomic outcomes when output is determined by aggregate demand. In principle, interest rate policy is highly effective in dealing with shocks to asset valuations. However, in practice monetary policy faces a wide range of constraints. If these constraints are severe, a decline in risky asset valuations generates a demand recession. This reduces earnings and generates a negative feedback loop between asset prices and aggregate demand. In the recession phase, average beliefs matter because they not only affect asset valuations but also determine the strength of the amplification mechanism. In the ex ante boom phase, belief disagreements (or heterogeneous asset valuations) matter because they induce investors to speculate. This speculation exacerbates the crash by reducing high-valuation investors’ wealth when the economy transitions to recession, which depresses (wealth-weighted) average beliefs. Macroprudential policy that restricts speculation in the boom can Pareto improve welfare by increasing asset prices and aggregate demand in the recession.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of President and Fellows of Harvard College.

This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

JEL

E00 - General E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity E30 - General E40 - General G00 - General G01 - Financial Crises G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions

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